Al-Mīzān Conceptual Framework for Ecological Mitigation

A Thematic Exegesis of Qur’anic Responses to Hydrometeorological Crises

Abstract

The hydrometeorological crisis in Indonesia, marked by the catastrophic flash floods and landslides that struck Sumatra and Aceh in late 2025, has been demonstrated to originate primarily from large-scale deforestation and upstream land-use conversion rather than from extreme rainfall anomalies alone. Although disaster mitigation studies in Southeast Asia have advanced substantially in their technical, infrastructural, and institutional dimensions, the spiritual and religious values that motivate community behavior toward ecosystems remain largely overlooked. Likewise, existing studies on Islamic ecotheology have yet to be operationalized into a systematic disaster mitigation framework. This study aims to identify and synthesize the hermeneutical clusters derived from the Qur’an that constitute the al-mīzān conceptual framework, examine their conceptual relevance to the causal roots of the 2025 Sumatra–Aceh disaster, and formulate their operational implications for strengthening value-based disaster mitigation. The study employs a qualitative approach using thematic Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr mawḍū‘ī) as its primary methodological framework, complemented by an extensive literature review and empirical-contextual analysis, integrated through three mutually reinforcing analytical layers: hermeneutical-exegetical, comparative-academic, and empirical-contextual. Collectively, they constitute a coherent normative system operating across four analytical dimensions: theological-cosmological, etiological-diagnostic, structural-normative, and responsive-preventive. This framework exhibits a clear normative-conceptual resonance with the empirical realities of the 2025 Sumatra–Aceh disaster, functioning as an ethical lens through which the structural drivers of the disaster can be critically diagnosed and evaluated, including widespread deforestation, failures in environmental governance, and the inequitable distribution of disaster risks. The study concludes that the al-mīzān conceptual framework provides a relevant normative-theological instrument for addressing the underlying crisis of values that drives ecological degradation. Its principal academic contribution lies in bridging the discourse between Islamic ecotheology and disaster mitigation studies, developing a methodological model that integrates thematic Qur’anic exegesis with empirical disaster data, and offering practical relevance for the formulation of value-based disaster mitigation policies in disaster-prone Muslim communities.

References

Adni, Dita Fisdian, Mohamad Fauzi Bin Abdul Latif, and Hidayati Hidayati. 2025. “Penerapan Disaster Governance dalam Mitigasi Bencana Perubahan Iklim di Kampung Baru Seberang Takir, Terengganu, Malaysia: Kolaborasi Pengabdian Internasional.” Jurnal Abdi Insani 12 (5): 2073–85. https://doi.org/10.29303/abdiinsani.v12i5.2487.

Ajeng, Tesalonika. 2025. “Bahas Hutan Sumatera Hilang 1,2 Juta Hektar, Deforestasi Tanggung Jawab Siapa? - ULAS KOMPAS.” Kompas TV, December 12. https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/636980/full-bahas-hutan-sumatera-hilang-1-2-juta-hektar-deforestasi-tanggung-jawab-siapa-ulas-kompas.

Aksa, Furqan I. 2020. “Islamic Perspectives in Disaster: An Alternative to Changing Fatalistic Attitudes.” Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 12 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v12i1.942.

Ali, Rijal, Nada Rahmatina, and Muhammad Torieq Abdillah. 2023. “Ecotheology Nuances in Tafsir Al-Miṣbah: Alternative Solutions to Environmental Problems in Indonesia.” Hermeneutik: Jurnal Ilmu al-Qur’an dan Tafsir 17 (2): 311–38. https://doi.org/10.21043/hermeneutik.v17i2.19054.

Amaliyah, Suci. 2025. “Akar Penyebab Banjir dan Longsor Sumatra: Deforestasi Masif dan Hilangnya Fungsi Hidrologis Kawasan Hulu.” NU Online, December 1. https://www.nu.or.id/nasional/akar-penyebab-banjir-dan-longsor-sumatra-deforestasi-masif-dan-hilangnya-fungsi-hidrologis-kawasan-hulu-Dg4MY.

Andalusī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf Abū Ḥayyān al-. 1993. Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Andanusa, Rizta Melia, Hayuning Anggrahita, Ibrahim Muslim Hanif, and Guswandi Guswandi. 2025. “Strategi Adaptasi Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi Bahaya Banjir di Daerah Rawan Bencana Banjir.” Media Komunikasi Geografi 26 (1): 58–78. https://doi.org/10.23887/mkg.v26i1.92305.

Andriyanto, Dwi, Dian Sisinggih, and Ery Suhartanto. 2026. “Kajian Genangan Banjir Menggunakan IRIC Nays 2D Flood pada DAS Konaweha Bagian Hilir Kabupaten Konawe dan Upaya Mitigasinya.” Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air 6 (2): 742–55. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtresda.2026.6.2.68.

‘Āshūr, Muḥammad Ṭāhir Ibn. 2021. At-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr. Dār Ibn Ḥazm.

Azisi, Ali Mursyid, Andi Rafida, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Denu Rahmad, and Siti Miftakuz Zaqiyah. 2023. “Islam and Ecotheology (A Study of the Message of the Qur’an to Preserve Environmental Wisdom).” Al-Afkar, Journal for Islamic Studies 6 (3): 100–115. https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v6i3.542.

Batubara, Puteranegara. 2025. “Update Bencana Sumatera, 867 Orang Meninggal dan 849.133 Pengungsi.” SINDOnews Daerah, December 6. https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1652359/174/update-bencana-sumatera-867-orang-meninggal-dan-849133-pengungsi-1764987163.

Bsoul, Labeeb, Amani Omer, Lejla Kucukalic, and Ricardo H. Archbold. 2022. “Islam’s Perspective on Environmental Sustainability: A Conceptual Analysis.” Social Sciences 11 (6): 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060228.

Chansorn, Rugkiet, Srilert Chotpantarat, and Pawee Klongvessa. 2023. “Hydrological Model of Landslide Risk in Huai Nam Phung Subbasin, Thailand.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 82 (4): 140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03146-y.

Chen, Aifang, Markus Giese, and Deliang Chen. 2020. “Flood Impact on Mainland Southeast Asia between 1985 and 2018—the Role of Tropical Cyclones.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 13 (2): e12598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12598.

Chitwatkulsiri, Detchphol, and Hitoshi Miyamoto. 2023. “Real-Time Urban Flood Forecasting Systems for Southeast Asia—A Review of Present Modelling and Its Future Prospects.” Water 15 (1): 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010178.

CNN Indonesia. 2026. “39.687 Hektare Tutupan Hutan di Aceh Hilang Selama 2025, Ini Dampaknya.” CNN Indonesia, February 26. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20260226171311-199-1332201/39687-hektare-tutupan-hutan-di-aceh-hilang-selama-2025-ini-dampaknya.

Darmawan, Yahya, Karyono Karyono, Wandono Wandono, Benyamin Heryanto Rusanto, and Agung Perdian Sulistio. 2025. “Edukasi Partisipatif Peringatan Dini dan Mitigasi Bencana Hidrometeorologi di Kecamatan Pesanggrahan.” Mitra Akademia: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 8 (3): 111–18.

Daryanes, Febblina, Irda Sayuti, and Khusnul Fikri. 2026. “Analisis Permasalahan Banjir dan Strategi Mitigasi Bencana Banjir di Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau.” Indonesian Journal of Environment and Disaster 5 (1): 194–208. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijed.v5i1.3157.

Dewi, Chandra, Dian Krisnawati, Airu Nahdloh, and Dian Candra Rini Novitasari. 2026. “Pemodelan Banjir Pluvial Perkotaan Berbasis SWMM untuk Strategi Mitigasi di Kawasan Ciledug Seskoal, Jakarta Selatan.” Papanda Journal of Mathematics and Science Research 5 (1): 120–34. https://doi.org/10.56916/pjmsr.v5i1.3064.

Fauziah, Ratu Dinny, Muhamad Rifan Dainuri, Rafsan Rafsan, and Achmad Mudzaki Dinata. 2025. “Qur’anic Ecotheology through the Integration of Moderate Eco-Fiqh in the Effort to Preserve the Natural Environment: Ekoteologi Al-Quran Melalui Integrasi Eco-Fiqih Moderat dalam Upaya Melestarikan Lingkungan Alam.” Takwil: Journal of Quran and Hadith Studies 4 (2): 157–75. https://doi.org/10.32939/twl.v4i2.6536.

Hamdani, Trio. 2025. “Marak Bencana, Segini Anggaran BNPB hingga Basarnas di 2026.” IDN Times, November 29. https://www.idntimes.com/business/economy/marak-bencana-segini-anggaran-bnpb-hingga-basarnas-di-2026-00-bvq5c-nty3g2.

Hamka, Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah. 1990. Tafsir Al-Azhar. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd.

Hararī, Muḥammad Amīn Ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-. 2001. Ḥadā’iq al-Rawḥ wa al-Rayḥān fī Rawābī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān. Dār Ṭawq al-Najāh.

Helmi, Fahmi, Ilham Nurhakim, and Asep Munawar. 2026. “Qur’anic Ecotheology as Environmental Critique: Reinterpreting Fasad Fi al-Ard in QS. Ar-Rum [30]: 41 in Extractive Economic Practices.” QiST: Journal of Quran and Tafseer Studies 5 (1): 201–22. https://doi.org/10.23917/qist.v5i1.15973.

Herlambang, Dwi. 2026. “Kepala BMKG: Peringatan Dini Tak Boleh Padam karena Bergantinya Pemimpin - Siaran Pers - BMKG.” BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, September 28. https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/kepala-bmkg-peringatan-dini-tak-boleh-padam-karena-bergantinya-pemimpin.

Hotimah, Oot, Edies Adelia, Maulida Musoffa, and Shinta Debora. 2025. “Flood Factors and Handling: Case Study of Indonesia and the Philippines.” Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal (MICJO) 2 (3): 3305–10. https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v2i3.855.

Humas FHUI. 2025. “PHLI: Banjir dan Longsor di Aceh, Sumut, dan Sumbar Bukan Bencana Alam, Melainkan Bencana Ekologis.” Law UI, December 22. https://law.ui.ac.id/phli-banjir-dan-longsor-di-aceh-sumut-dan-sumbar-bukan-bencana-alam-melainkan-bencana-ekologis/.

Husna, Aghnia Nailal. 2025. “Banjir Sumatra: Ketika Bencana Alam Menjadi Cermin Ketidakadilan.” Retizen.id, December 8. https://retizen.republika.co.id/posts/728772/banjir-sumatra-ketika-bencana-alam-menjadi-cermin-ketidakadilan.

Ismail, Ahmad Munawar, and Mohd Farhan Firas. 2024. “Environmental Degradation and Radical Solution from Islamic Perspective.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 26: 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.26.2024.297.

Jatamnas. 2025. “Banjir Sumatera dan Ledakan Izin Ekstraktif.” Jatamnas, November 30. https://www.instagram.com/jatamnas/p/DRrai8UEVca/.

Kamal, Muhamad Ali Mustofa, and Abdul Mufid. 2026. “Water Pollution and Eco-Theology: Legal and Ethical Approaches to Environmental Protection in Indonesia.” Pharos Journal of Theology 107 (2): 1. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.107.228.

Lorenzo, Theresa E., and Ann P. Kinzig. 2020. “Double Exposures: Future Water Security across Urban Southeast Asia.” Water 12 (1): 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010116.

Mardila, Riana, and Muhammad Farhan Fadilla. 2025. “Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim di Asia Tenggara: Peran Normatif ASEAN pada Negara Melalui ASEAN Community Vision 2025.” Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 18 (1): 256–78. https://doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v18i1.69536.

Maulana, Irfan. 2026. “Pemulihan Bencana Sumatera: Tak Hanya Negara, Korporasi pun Harus Bertanggung Jawab.” Environmental News. Mongabay.co.id, January 11. https://mongabay.co.id/2026/01/11/pemulihan-bencana-sumatera-tak-hanya-negara-korporasi-pun-harus-bertanggung-jawab/.

Moge, Romi, Achmad Abubakar, and Mardan. 2025. “Ecological Education in the Perspective of the Qur’an: Islamic Solutions to Environmental Crisis and Climate Change.” Irfani 21 (3): 1111–26. https://doi.org/10.30603/irfani.v21i3.6996.

Narasi Newsroom. 2026. “Update Banjir Sumatera: 1.178 Orang Meninggal, 147 Korban Masih Hilang.” Narasi Newsroom, January 7. https://www.instagram.com/narasinewsroom/p/DTM1o-DE9qQ/.

Nejati-Zarnaqi, Bayram, Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh, Sanaz Sohrabizadeh, et al. 2024. “Factors Affecting the Spiritual Rehabilitation of People Affected by Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Injury and Violence Research 16 (2): 159.

Nizar, Moh, Astiwi Inayah, and Noranida Mokthsim. 2025. “Flood Mitigation Infrastructure in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Study of Malaysia’s and Indonesia’s Approaches to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.” Journal of Governance and Social Policy 6 (2): 578–97. https://doi.org/10.24815/gaspol.v6i2.33.

Nurhakim, Farid. 2025. “BNPB: 25-27 November Curah Hujan Ekstrem Tertinggi dalam 6 Tahun - Gaya Hidup.” Bloomberg Technoz, December 26. https://www.bloombergtechnoz.com/detail-news/94606/bnpb-25-27-november-curah-hujan-ekstrem-tertinggi-dalam-6-tahun.

Pasaribu, Safran Efendi, Nurhamidah Gajah, Sutan Siregar, and Rahmat Haris Saputra Harahap. 2025. “Mitigasi Bencana Melalui Program Pemantauan Air Berbasis Aplikasi Seluler di Thailand Selatan: Disaster Mitigation Through Mobile Application-Based Water Monitoring Program in Southern Thailand.” Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains 8 (7): 3988–95. https://doi.org/10.56338/jks.v8i7.7525.

Petpongpan, Chanchai, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit, and Duangrudee Kositgittiwong. 2021. “Landslide Risk Assessment Using Hydrological Model in the Upper Yom River Basin, Thailand.” CATENA 204 (September): 105402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105402.

Pohan, Nanda, and Erlangga Saputra. 2025. “Reinterpretation of Ecological Verses from the Perspective of Maqasid Al-Qur’an: Formulation of Qur’anic Ethics to Respond to the Environmental Crisis.” Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur’an dan Tafsir 10 (2): 297–310. https://doi.org/10.32505/at-tibyan.v10i2.12768.

Prihatini, Zintan, and Ni Nyoman Wira Widyanti. 2025. “Banjir Sumatera Dipicu Deforestasi, Mayoritas Daerah Aliran Sungai Kritis.” KOMPAS.com, December 2. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2025/12/02/160840786/banjir-sumatera-dipicu-deforestasi-mayoritas-daerah-aliran-sungai-kritis.

PUSDATINKOM BNPB. 2025. “Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana.” BNPB, November 30. https://bnpb.go.id/berita/korban-meninggal-dunia-akibat-bencana-hidrometeorologi-di-aceh-sumut-dan-sumbar-menjadi-442-jiwa.

Rafinzar, Rahmat, Zailani Surya Marpaung, Tuty Khairunnisa, Maria Immaculata Yovita Adventy, and Indah Permatasari. 2025. “Community Participation and Policy Effectiveness in Urban Flood Mitigation: Evidence from Palembang City, Indonesia.” Indonesian Governance Journal: Kajian Politik-Pemerintahan 8 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24905/igj.v8i1.147.

Rahmah, Nuzulia Nur. 2026. “Deforestasi di Konsesi Toba Pulp Lestari Diduga Picu Longsor dan Banjir - Ekonomi Sirkular Katadata.co.id.” January 7. https://katadata.co.id/ekonomi-hijau/ekonomi-sirkular/695dd388387fe/deforestasi-di-konsesi-toba-pulp-lestari-diduga-picu-longsor-dan-banjir.

Redaksi. 2025. “Pakar UPER Ungkap Penyebab Terhambatnya Bantuan Logistik di Wilayah Terisolas.” Berita. Pena Depok, December 23. https://penadepok.com/pakar-uper-ungkap-penyebab-terhambatnya-bantuan-logistik-di-wilayah-terisolas/.

Redaksi Ekuatorial. 2025. “Banjir dan Longsor di Sumatra: Krisis Ekologis.” Ekuatorial, December 2. https://www.ekuatorial.com/2025/12/banjir-dan-longsor-di-sumatra-krisis-ekologis-akibat-kerusakan-hutan/.

Riyandanu, Muhamad Fajar. 2025. “Prabowo Ungkap Alasan Tak Tetapkan Bencana Nasional dan Tolak Bantuan Asing - Nasional Katadata.co.id.” Katadata, December 15. https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/693fe61834a3c/prabowo-ungkap-alasan-tak-tetapkan-bencana-nasional-dan-tolak-bantuan-asing.

Safitri, Kiki, and Dani Prabowo. 2025. “BMKG Sebut Peringatan Dini Bencana Sering Diabaikan: Padahal Harusnya Menjauh.” KOMPAS.com, August 13. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/08/13/21035131/bmkg-sebut-peringatan-dini-bencana-sering-diabaikan-padahal-harusnya-menjauh.

Sha‘rāwī, Muḥammad Mutawalli al-. 1991. Tafsīr al-Sha‘rāwī. Akhbār al-Yawm.

Shihab, M. Quraish. 2002. Tafsir Al-Mishbah: Pesan, Kesan, dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an. Lentera Hati.

Susilowati, and Dyah Indriana Kusumastuti. 2024. “Hydrometeorological Disaster Mitigation Through Rainfall Intensity Mapping Using IDF in Sumatera Island, Indonesia.” International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 19 (2): 571–79. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.190223.

Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn al-. 2003. Al-Durr al-Manthūr fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Ma’thūr. Markaz Hijr.

Tan, Boonfei, Patrick De Vera, Josephine Abrazaldo, and Charmaine Ng. 2025. “Flood-associated Disease Outbreaks and Transmission in Southeast Asia.” Frontiers in Microbiology 16: 1694246.

Taslim, Muhamad, Ahmad Jamil Pasaribu, and Azhari Aziz Samudra. 2024. “Analisis Mitigasi Bencana Banjir di Kota Tangerang Selatan.” Media Bina Ilmiah 18 (8): 2187–202. https://doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v18i8.755.

Tim News. 2026. “Data Terkini Korban Banjir Bandang Sumut-Aceh-Sumbar: 1.205 Meninggal, 339 Masih Hilang.” liputan6.com, February 18. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6280931/data-terkini-korban-banjir-bandang-sumut-aceh-sumbar-1205-meninggal-339-masih-hilang.

Ulya, Fika Nurul, and Dani Prabowo. 2025. “Mendagri Ungkap 22 Desa Hilang Tersapu Banjir Sumatera, Aceh Paling Banyak.” KOMPAS.com, December 29. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/12/29/18483121/mendagri-ungkap-22-desa-hilang-tersapu-banjir-sumatera-aceh-paling-banyak.

WALHI. 2025. “Legalisasi Bencana Ekologis di Sumatera Barat, Aceh dan Sumatera Utara dan Tuntutan Tanggung Jawab Negara serta Korporasi.” WALHI, December 2. http://www.walhi.or.id/legalisasi-bencana-ekologis-di-sumatera-barat-aceh-dan-sumatera-utara-dan-tuntutan-tanggung-jawab-negara-serta-korporasi.

Wicaksono, Raden Ariyo. 2026. “Deforestasi di Aceh Pada 2025 Meningkat 274%.” Betahita, February 27. https://www.betahita.id/berita/11875/deforestasi-di-aceh-pada-2025-meningkat-274.

Yuswan, Alvin, Hieronymus Soerjatisnanta, Budiyono, Muhtadi, and Agus Triono. 2025. “Systematic Literature Review: Kebijakan dan Tanggungjawab Pemerintah Daerah dalam Mitigasi Banjir.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 3 (3): 1365–78. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i3.1368.

Zahro, Annisa Amalia. 2025. “Siklon Tropis Senyar Terbentuk, BMKG Minta Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem di Aceh dan Sumut - Siaran Pers - BMKG.” BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, November 26. https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/siklon-tropis-senyar-terbentuk-bmkg-minta-siaga-cuaca-ekstrem-di-aceh-dan-sumut.